Document is current

Article History

Received: 19 March 2025

Accepted: 19 September 2025

First Online: 23 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The study received ethical approval from the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) Committee on Human Research and Publication Ethics, with approval number CHRPE/AP/1033/23. Additionally, permission was obtained from the Tamale Metropolitan Assembly to conduct the study at various bus terminals. All participants were fully informed about the study's objectives, methodology, potential benefits, and risks in a language they understood and respected. Participation was entirely voluntary, and individuals had the right to withdraw at any time or decline to answer any questions they found uncomfortable. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants, while those unable to write provided thumbprints to signify their consent. To protect participants' privacy and maintain confidentiality, code names rather than real names were assigned to all participants. Additionally, all audio recordings were securely stored for future reference in a manner that ensured anonymity.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.