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Article History

Received: 20 July 2025

Accepted: 26 January 2026

First Online: 2 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Salamanca (Comité de Ética de la Investigación con Seres Humanos, CEISH), approval code 1155, by resolution dated March 7, 2024. Authorisation to conduct the intervention was granted by the Ministry of the Interior and the General Secretariat of Penitentiary Institutions on March 21, 2024.

: All participants provided written informed consent for the publication of anonymised data derived from the study.

: Artificial intelligence was not used for data generation or statistical analysis in this study. However, automated support was employed exclusively to facilitate the translation of the manuscript from Spanish into English, under the direct supervision of the authors. The interpretation, writing, and final revision of the text were carried out manually and responsibly by the research team.

: The authors declare no competing interests.