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Authors
Milford, Cecilia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0026-7560
Hardwick, Timothy S. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1090-0876
Bosman, Shannon https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5870-3233
Cavanagh, Tammany
Wilson, Michael
Smit, Jennifer A. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4992-0900
Zanoni, Brian C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8640-7703
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Centre for AIDS Research at Emory University (P30AI050409)
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Article History
Received: 17 April 2025
Accepted: 10 February 2026
First Online: 18 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC) of the University of the Witwatersrand (Reference: 200202) and the Emory University Institutional Review Board (IRB) (ID: STUDY00000134). All participants (key stakeholders and PWID) were 18 years or older, and provided written informed consent to participate in the survey and/or IDI, with separate consent for audio recording of their IDIs. Consenting was conducted in IsiZulu or English, depending on participant preference.
: Not applicable, individual data/images not used. Consent covered the use of anonymous quotes in written articles and professional meetings.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
