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Authors
Hill, Katherine
Piercey, Cianna
Karoly, Hollis C.
Smith, Kirsten E.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA05557-02)
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Article History
Received: 14 August 2025
Accepted: 1 April 2026
First Online: 5 May 2026
Declarations
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: This study was The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Institutional Review Board determined this did not qualify as human subjects’ research due to the anonymous study design. Individuals could voluntarily choose to participate in the anonymous survey or not after reading about the study.
: Not applicable.
: Within the past three years, KES has served as a paid scientific consultant to the International Plant and Herbal Alliance; Todd, Brown, and Frost; Porto Law Firm; and Amin, Wasserman, Gurnani and has served as expert witness in legal cases involving kratom. None of these relationships are related to kava. Within the past year, KH has served as an expert witness in a legal case involving kratom and 7-OH; the case was not related to kava.
