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Authors
Fish, Daniel J.
Holtorf, Megan
Lacijan, Kristen A.
Gronowski, Benjamin
Bouldin, Graham
Mendenhall, Andrew
Cohen-Cline, Hannah
Doren, Taylor
Livingston, Catherine J.
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Article History
Received: 11 April 2025
Accepted: 21 April 2026
First Online: 11 May 2026
Declarations
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: This study adhered to ethical guidelines, and a waiver of informed consent was obtained prior to data analysis. Approval was received from the Providence Health and Services Institutional Review Board.
: Not applicable
: Graham Bouldin serves on the board of 211-Info, which provides navigation and referral resources for individuals seeking social services in Oregon. Andrew Mendenhall serves on the board of Health Share of Oregon. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
