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Authors
Kepner, Wayne
Humphreys, Keith
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute on Drug Abuse
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
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Article History
Received: 18 September 2025
Accepted: 21 April 2026
First Online: 23 May 2026
Declarations
:
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: Keith Humphreys declared a personal financial interest as a non-executive director for Indivior PLC, a company that makes buprenorphine. This role began in November 2023.Wayne Kepner declared that he has no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could be perceived as influencing the work reported in this paper.
: Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing - Original Draft, Writing - Review & Editing, Supervision, and Funding acquisition.
: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Data Curation, Writing - Original Draft, Writing - Review & Editing, Project administration, and Funding acquisition.
