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Authors
Huang, Ying
Pi, Yifei
Cai, Ruxin
Ma, Kui
Wang, Hao
Chen, Hua
Gu, Hengle
Shao, Yan
Feng, Aihui
Duan, Yanhua
Shen, Zhenjiong
Kong, Qing
Xu, Zhiyong
Zhuo, Weihai
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (12305353, 12375346, 12175043)
Shanghai Municipal Health Commission Health Industry Clinical Research Special Project (20234Y0018)
Science and Technology Innovation Plan Of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission (22YF1442600)
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Article History
Received: 28 October 2024
Accepted: 4 November 2025
First Online: 20 November 2025
Declarations
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: This retrospective study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Chest Hospital (approval number: KS24019). The ethics committee waived the requirement for informed consent due to the retrospective nature of the study and the use of anonymized patient data.
: This retrospective study used de-identified patient data obtained from medical records. All patient records were anonymized and de-identified prior to analysis to ensure patient confidentiality. Since the data used in this study cannot be linked back to individual patients, the requirement for informed consent for publication was waived by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Chest Hospital [KS24019]. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and the guidelines of the Institutional Review Board.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
