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Article History

Received: 22 December 2025

Accepted: 11 May 2026

First Online: 19 May 2026

Declarations

:

: This retrospective study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. This study has been approved by the leading Ethics Committee (127/24-ek) as well as by all local Ethics Committees of the participating centers. Informed consent to participate in the study was not required. All methods used in this study were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.

: Not applicable.

: Panagiotis Balermpas reports a relationship with ViewRay Systems Inc, Siemens Healthineers that includes: funding grants. Panagiotis Balermpas reports a relationship with MSD, Siemens Healthineers, Merck that includes: consulting or advisory, speaking and lecture fees, and travel reimbursement. Olaf Wittenstein reports a relationship with Brainlab AG that includes: consulting or advisory. Olaf Wittenstein reports a relationship with Novocure that includes: speaking and lecture fees. Fabian Lohaus reports a relationship with Regeneron Germany inc. that includes: speaking and lecture fees. Lena Kaestner reports a relationship with AstraZeneca that includes: speaking and lecture fees. Alexander Ruehle reports a relationship with Novocure that includes: consulting or advisory, funding grants, speaking and lecture fees, and travel reimbursement. Alexander Ruehle reports a relationship with Johnson & Johnson, Need Inc. that includes: consulting or advisory. Alexander Ruehle reports a relationship with AstraZeneca that includes: speaking and lecture fees. Alexander Ruehle reports a relationship with HNCIG that includes: board membership. Matthias Guckenberger reports a relationship with AstraZeneca that includes: speaking and lecture fees. Matthias Guckenberger reports a relationship with Siemens Healthineers/Varian, AstraZeneca, Johnson&Johnson that includes: consulting or advisory. Matthias Guckenberger reports a relationship with Siemens Healthineers/Varian, AstraZeneca that includes: funding grants. Matthias Guckenberger reports a relationship with ESTRO that includes: board membership/ ESTRO president. Thomas Brunner reports a relationship with Varian Medical Systems Inc, Elekta, BrainLab, AstraZeneca, VisionRT, Novocure that includes: speaking and lecture fees. Thomas Brunner reports a relationship with Onconovum that includes: travel reimbursement. Oliver Blanck reports a relationship with DEGRO, DGMP that includes: board membership. Judit Boda-Heggemann reports a relationship with EBAMed that includes: consulting or advisory. Judit Boda-Heggemann reports a relationship with AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb that includes: speaking and lecture fees. Nils H. Nicolay reports a relationship with Novocure Inc that includes: funding grants. Nils H. Nicolay reports a relationship with Novocure, AstraZeneca, Sun Pharmaceuticals that includes: speaking and lecture fees. Nils H. Nicolay reports a relationship with Merck that includes: travel reimbursement. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.