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Article History

Received: 24 August 2025

Accepted: 3 November 2025

First Online: 5 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hamamatsu University School of Medicine (approval number: 21–080). The requirement for individual informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare financial and/or non-financial competing interests. A research grant from Johnson & Johnson K.K. Medical Company (New Brunswick, NJ, USA) was received in support of this work. YY, TH and SO are affiliated with a donation-endowed laboratory in the Division of Geriatric Musculoskeletal Health and have relevant financial relationships outside the submitted work with Medtronic Sofamor Danek Inc. (Memphis, TN, USA), Japan Medical Dynamic Marketing Inc. (Tokyo, Japan), and Meitoku Medical Institute, Jyuzen Memorial Hospital (Hamamatsu, Japan).

: Not applicable.

: This study was reviewed and approved by the Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Institutional Review Board (IRB No.21–080).

: A comprehensive agreement for the academic use of information, such as the type of treatment, treatment progress, or any other data acquired during treatment, was obtained from the patients by the hospital at the time of their hospitalization. The agreement also included a clause that no identifiable information about the participants would be included in the manuscript.