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Authors
Hamad, Christopher D.
Galoustian, Nora A.
Wiener, Joshua
Yusin, Nick
Liu, Timothy
Olson, Thomas
Walker, Paul
Shahamatdar, Soroush
Nwufo, Michelle
Golzar, Autreen
Kaelber, David C.
Bernthal, Nicholas M.
Lee, Christopher
Sheppard, William L.
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Article History
Received: 5 October 2025
Accepted: 21 December 2025
First Online: 19 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study used only de-identified data from the TriNetX Research Network. In accordance with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services regulations 45 CFR 46.102, research using de-identified data does not constitute human subjects research and does not require Institutional Review Board oversight. Therefore, ethics approval and informed consent to participate were not required.
: Not applicable. This study contains no images or identifiable personal data of individual participants.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
