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Authors
Que, Zhiqiang
Li, Fangqi
Ye, Yongzhi
Mu, Chenhui
Guo, Yang
Cai, Zhigang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Xiamen Municipal Science and Technology Bureau's medical-engineering integrated guidance project (3502Z20244ZD2008)
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Article History
Received: 5 November 2025
Accepted: 5 January 2026
First Online: 30 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and all participants provided written informed consent prior to their inclusion in the study.
: At our institution, the standard surgical informed consent form routinely includes consent for the use of anonymized clinical data for research purposes. Therefore, written informed consent for both surgical treatment and participation in clinical research was obtained from all patients at the time of care.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
