Ghafarian, Amir
Wajahath, Muaaz
Hodson, Noah
Saad, Jawad
Mehaidli, Ali
Article History
Received: 27 November 2025
Accepted: 17 February 2026
First Online: 5 April 2026
Declarations
:
: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The study utilized de-identified data from the TriNetX US Collaborative Network. In accordance with the US Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects (45 CFR 46), specifically 45 CFR 46.104(d)(4), the collection and analysis of existing de-identified data are exempt from Institutional Review Board (IRB) review and approval. Therefore, approval from a local ethics committee was not required. As the data is de-identified and aggregated, the requirement for informed consent was deemed unnecessary according to these national regulations.
: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data.
: The authors declare no competing interests.