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Authors
Lin, MingShan
Piao, HuBin
Liu, JingWei
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Article History
Received: 11 October 2025
Accepted: 6 April 2026
First Online: 13 April 2026
Declarations
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: The study protocol received approval from the Institutional Review Board of Qingdao Central Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences (IRB Approval No: 2025-KY-147), and a waiver of informed consent was granted due to the use of anonymized retrospective data without any intervention. All patient data were de-identified and handled confidentially.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
