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Authors
Zhang, Yu-zhen
Si, Yong-yu
Ouyang, Jie
Wu, Ji-lin
Zhang, Ming
Nie, Meng-sha
Liu, Kai
Ma, Run-wei
Cheng, Li-ming
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Open Research Fund of Yunnan Children’s Health and Disease Clinical Medical Research (2022-ETYY-YJ-11)
Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department Science and Technology Plan Project (202201AY070001-207)
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Article History
Received: 25 February 2026
Accepted: 26 May 2026
First Online: 4 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This retrospective study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Kunming Children’s Hospital (Approval No.: 2024-03-210-K01). In accordance with institutional policies and national regulations, the Ethics Committee waived the requirement for informed consent to participate due to the retrospective design of the study and the use of fully anonymised clinical data, with no direct patient contact. As such, informed consent from participants or from parents or legal guardians of minors was not required. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. The reporting of this study complies with the STROCSS guidelines.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
