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Article History

Received: 26 November 2024

Accepted: 21 March 2025

First Online: 24 April 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH) (IRB No.: KMUHIRB-SV(II)- 20160036; IRB No. KMUHIRB-SV(II)- 20200014 and KMUHIRB-E(I)- 20240087); Chang Gung Memorial Hospital in Linkou, Taoyuan (CGMH), Taiwan (IRB No. 202202354B0); and Taipei Veterans General Hospital in Taipei (TVGH), Taiwan (IRB No. 2024-01-005A).

: Not applicable.

: C.-H. Wang reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript; M.-Y. Liu reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript; L.-Y. Wang reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript; T.-R. Hsu reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript; I.-J. Chou has acted as a principal investigator (PI) of a clinical trial for Novartis; W.-T. Lee reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript; H.-J. Chen reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript; S.-M. Kao reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript; H.-C. Ho reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript; W.-C. Liang has acted as a Co-PI of clinical trials for Biogen, Novartis, Roche; I.-C. Lee reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript; D.-M. Niu has acted as a PI of a clinical trial for Novartis; K.-J. Hsiao reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript; M.-Y. Chang reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript; H.-M. Hsieh reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript; Y.-J. Jong has served as an advisor/consultant for Biogen, Roche, and Novartis, acted as a PI of clinical trials for Biogen, Novartis, Roche, PTC Therapeutics, Sarepta Therapeutics, Pfizer, NS Pharma, GSK, and Eli Lilly; and obtained research grants from Biogen.