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Article History

Received: 8 April 2025

Accepted: 25 August 2025

First Online: 9 October 2025

Declarations

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: None of the authors’ financial interests are directly or indirectly related to this work. Leonie Keidel received previous speaker fees and/or travel expenses from Novartis Pharma GmbH, Recordati Rare Diseases Inc., CHIESI GmbH, Roche Diagnostics GmbH, DORC Holding BV and Santen GmbH.Neringa Jurkute received speaker honoraria, consultancy fees, research and/or travel expenses from Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A. Benedikt Schworm received previous speaker fees and travel expenses from Novartis Pharma GmbH and Topcon Corporation. Katharina Hohenfellner took part in advisory boards from Recordati Rare Diseases Inc and Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A. Siegfried Priglinger received previous speaker fees and/or travel expenses from Novartis Pharma GmbH, Oertli AG, Bayer AG, Alcon Pharma GmbH and Pharm-Allergan GmbH. Axel Petzold has nothing to disclose.Claudia Priglinger received previous speaker fees from Novartis Pharma GmbH and travel expenses from Recordati Rare Diseases Inc.

: Ethics committee approval for this study was by Ethikkommission der Bayerischen Landesärztekammer Identifier 23004; Ethikkommission LMU Munich Identifier 25–0079. A normal control group, matched for age and spherical equivalent was recruited. Consent to use their data for analysis was obtained from all participating patients/their legal guardians. The ethics committee identifier for measurements of healthy controls was 19–799. All research and measurements followed the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Consent to use their data for scientific publication was obtained from all participating patients/their legal guardians.