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Article History

Received: 26 November 2025

Accepted: 19 January 2026

First Online: 16 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The local ethics committee “Hamburger Ärztekammer” has approved the study (2022-100827_2-BO-ff). All parents have given written informed consent to participation.

: All parents have given written informed consent to publication of the anonymous data. Consent for publication has been granted for all images.

: We used the large language model UHHGPT, based on GPT-4.1 Nano, a special version used at the University of Hamburg, to assist with verifying the grammar and spelling of some parts of the manuscript. The specific prompt provided was: " please check grammar and spelling in the following sentence and suggest improvements if necessary.” The model was used exclusively for language editing purposes.

: The study data are reported in this manuscript and its supplement. Further data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request from the moment of publication.

: No author received financial support for the present manuscript. JZ received funding from “Initative für die Spinale Muskelatrophie/Deutsche Gesellschaft für Muskelkranke” and from „Hamburg macht Kinder gesund e.V.“. JG receives doctoral funding from the University of Hamburg as part of the State Graduate Funding Program of the city of Hamburg. DW received compensation for advisory boards and funding for travel or speaker honoraria from Biogen and Roche. CP received speaker honoraria and funding for travel from Infectopharm, Xion and Bial. JJ received compensation for advisory boards and funding for travel or speaker honoraria from Avexis/Novartis, Biogen, IFT, Roche, Santhera Therapeutics, PTC, Pfizer, and Sarepta Therapeutics. CD, AN, and PS and JD indicated no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.