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Article History

Received: 28 March 2025

Accepted: 7 July 2026

First Online: 20 July 2026

Declarations

Ethical approval and consent to participate: This study used publicly available summary-level GWAS data and did not involve direct recruitment of participants or access to individual-level identifiable data. The original studies were conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. For the lipid GWAS, the GeneRISK study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and the Council of Europe’s Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine. The GeneRISK study protocol was approved by the Hospital District of Helsinki and Uusimaa Coordinating Ethics Committees (approval No. 281/13/03/00/14). All participants provided informed consent. For the ALS GWAS, all participants provided written informed consent, and the study was approved by the relevant local institutional review boards of the participating cohorts, as described in the original GWAS. No additional ethical approval was required for the present study because only publicly available summary-level data were analyzed.

Financial disclosures: The authors declare no financial interests or potential conflicts of interest.

Conflict of interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.