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Article History

Received: 13 November 2024

Accepted: 25 July 2025

First Online: 27 August 2025

Declarations

:

: Approval was given by the institutional ethical review boards of each center. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants or their authorized representatives.

: Not applicable.

: Y.H., C.P., E.E., S.B., L.M, J.S., J.H., H.R., W.H., A.S., A.C.-P, and D.I. declare no competing interest. M.C. has been an invited speaker at Eisai, is an associate editor at Alzheimer´s Research & Therapy and has been an invited writer for Springer Healthcare. L.V. received a grant for CORAL consortium by Olink proteomics. D.I. is a Scientific Advisory Board Member for Denali Therapeutics. D.A. participated in advisory boards from Fujirebio-Europe and Roche Diagnostics and received speaker honoraria from Fujirebio-Europe, Roche Diagnostics, Nutricia, Krka Farmacéutica S.L., Zambon S.A.U. and Esteve Pharmaceuticals. S.A. D.A., and A.L. declare a filed patent application (Title: Markers of synaptopathy in neurodegenerative disease; Applicant: Fundació Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Inventors: Olivia BELBIN; Alberto LLEÓ; Alejandro BAYÉS; Juan FORTEA; Daniel ALCOLEA; Application number: PCT/EP2019/056535; International Publication Number: WO 2019/175379 A1; Current status: Active. Licensed to ADx Neurociences NV (Ghent, Belgium); this patent is not related to any specific aspect of the current manuscript). S.E. received personal fees from Eisai (paid to institution), personal fees from icometrix (paid to institution), personal fees from Novartis (paid to institution), personal fees from Roche (paid to institution) and personal fees from Roche and personal fees from Biogen, all outside the submitted work. W.F. has performed contract research for Biogen MA Inc, and Boehringer Ingelheim. W.F. has been an invited speaker at Boehringer Ingelheim, Biogen MA Inc, Danone, Eisai, WebMD Neurology (Medscape), Springer Healthcare. W.F. is consultant to Oxford Health Policy Forum CIC, Roche, and Biogen MA Inc. WF participated in advisory boards of Biogen MA Inc and Roche. All funding is paid to her institution. W.F. is a member of the steering committee of PAVE, and Think Brain Health. W.F. was associate editor of Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy in 2020/2021 and is currently an associate editor at Brain. C.E.T. has a collaboration contract with ADx Neurosciences, Quanterix, and Eli Lilly, performed contract research or received grants from AC-Immune, Axon Neurosciences, Bioconnect, Bioorchestra, Brainstorm Therapeutics, Celgene, EIP Pharma, Eisai, Grifols, Novo Nordisk, PeopleBio, Roche, Toyama, and Vivoryon. She serves on editorial boards of Medidact Neurologie/Springer, Alzheimer’s Research & Therapy, Neurology: Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation, and is editor of a Neuromethods book Springer. She had speaker contracts for Roche, Grifols, and Novo Nordisk.