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Authors
Theunissen, Frances
Flynn, Loren
Iacoangeli, Alfredo
Al Khleifat, Ahmad
Al-Chalabi, Ammar
Giordano, James J.
Strømme, Masha
Akkari, P. Anthony
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
FightMND
Bryant Stokes Neurological Research Fund
University of Notre Dame Australia
Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science
Future Health Research and Innovation Fund WA Near Miss Award
My Name’5 Doddie Foundation
US Department of Defense
Motor Neurone Disease Research Australia
Multiple Sclerosis Western Australia
Neuromuscular WA
GMA Garnet Group
Giumelli Family Foundation
South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust
MND Scotland
Motor Neurone Disease Association
National Institute for Health and Care Research
Spastic Paraplegia Foundation
Rosetrees Trust
Darby Rimmer MND Foundation
Medical Research Council
Alzheimer’s Research UK
NIHR Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre
ALS Association Milton Safenowitz Research Fellowship
LifeArc
Dementia Consortium
UK Dementia Research Institute through UK DRI Ltd
UK MND Research Institute
Alan Davidson Foundation
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Article History
Received: 26 March 2025
Accepted: 19 August 2025
First Online: 23 October 2025
Declarations
:
: Not applicable.
: AAK and AAC are consultants for NESTA. AAC reports consultancies or advisory boards for Amylyx, Apellis, Biogen, Clene Therapeutics, Cytokinetics, GenieUs, GSK, Lilly, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, Novartis, OrionPharma, Quralis, Sano, Sanofi, Voyager Therapeutics, and Wave Pharmaceuticals. MS is the CEO of Black Swan Biotech and is the Executive Board Chair of GenieUs Genomics. LF and PAA are shareholders of Black Swan Biotech and PAA is the CSO of Black Swan Biotech. LF and PAA declare the following patents linked to antisense oligonucleotides PCT/AU2021/051318, PCT/AU2023/050067, PCT/AU2023/050066, PCT/AU2021/051318, PCT/IB2020/054126. AAC declares the following patent: Low dose human interleukin-2 for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a subgroup of patients. WO2024121173A1. All remaining authors have no competing interests to declare.
