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Article History

Received: 26 November 2024

Accepted: 12 September 2025

First Online: 13 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The DDI study was approved by the Regional Committees for Medical and Health Research Ethics in Norway and conducted in line with the guidelines provided by the Helsinki declaration, and the Norwegian Health and Research act. All participants volunteered and gave written informed consent before participating in the study. All patients in the ADC study gave written informed consent, was in line with the guidelines provided by the Helsinki declaration, was approved by the ethics committee of the Amsterdam UMC (location VUmc), the Biobank Research Ethics Committee of the Amsterdam UMC (location VUmc).

: All authors have reviewed and approved the contents of this manuscript and have provided their consent for publication.

: BEK has served as a consultant for Biogen and on an advisory board for Eisai and Eli Lilly. TF has served as a consultant and at the advisory boards for Biogen, Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly, Roche and Eisai. KB has served as a consultant and at advisory boards for Abbvie, AC Immune, ALZPath, AriBio, Beckman-Coulter, BioArctic, Biogen, Eisai, Lilly, Moleac Pte. Ltd, Neurimmune, Novartis, Ono Pharma, Prothena, Quanterix, Roche Diagnostics, Sanofi and Siemens Healthineers; has served at data monitoring committees for Julius Clinical and Novartis; has given lectures, produced educational materials and participated in educational programs for AC Immune, Biogen, Celdara Medical, Eisai and Roche Diagnostics; and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program, outside the work presented in this paper. HZ has served at scientific advisory boards and/or as a consultant for Abbvie, Acumen, Alector, Alzinova, ALZpath, Amylyx, Annexon, Apellis, Artery Therapeutics, AZTherapies, Cognito Therapeutics, CogRx, Denali, Eisai, LabCorp, Merry Life, Nervgen, Novo Nordisk, Optoceutics, Passage Bio, Pinteon Therapeutics, Prothena, Quanterix, Red Abbey Labs, reMYND, Roche, Samumed, Siemens Healthineers, Triplet Therapeutics, and Wave, has given lectures sponsored by Alzecure, BioArctic, Biogen, Cellectricon, Fujirebio, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Roche, and WebMD, and is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program (outside submitted work). PS has served as a consultant for Roche. RES has served on an advisory board for Eisai and as local PI on GSK 219867. DA has received research support and/or honoraria from, Astra-Zeneca, H. Lundbeck, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Biogen, and GE Health, and served as paid consultant for H. Lundbeck, Eisai, Heptares, Mentis Cura and Cognetivity. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.