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Article History

Received: 26 June 2025

Accepted: 19 September 2025

First Online: 17 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The WRAP cohort study was conducted in compliance with the ethical principles for human subjects’ research defined in the Declaration of Helsinki, including approval by the University of Wisconsin-Madison Institutional Review Board. The ALFA study protocol was approved by the Independent Ethics committee Parc de Salut Mar and registered at clinicaltrials.gov (identifier: NCT01835717). It was conducted in accordance with the directives of the Spanish Law 14/2007, of 3rd of July, on Biomedical Research. All participants in the ALFA study accepted the study procedures by signing an informed consent form and had a close relative volunteering to participate in the functional assessment procedure of the participant, who also granted his or her consent.

: M.I.M.-G has received in the past 36mo speaker fees by Almirall. E.M.-R. has given lectures and symposia sponsored by KRKA Farmaceutica SL and Laboratorios Esteve SA. M.S.-C. has received in the past 36mo consultancy/speaker fees (paid to the institution) from by Almirall, Eli Lilly, Quanterix, Novo Nordisk, and Roche Diagnostics. He has received consultancy fees or served on advisory boards (paid to the institution) of Eli Lilly, Grifols, Novo Nordisk, and Roche Diagnostics. He was granted a project and is a site investigator of a clinical trial (funded to the institution) by Roche Diagnostics. In-kind support for research (to the institution) was received from ADx Neurosciences, Alamar Biosciences, ALZPath, Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly, Fujirebio, Janssen Research & Development, Meso Scale Discovery, and Roche Diagnostics; MS-C did not receive any personal compensation from these organizations or any other for-profit organization.H.Z. has served at scientific advisory boards and/or as a consultant for Abbvie, Acumen, Alector, Alzinova, ALZpath, Amylyx, Annexon, Apellis, Artery Therapeutics, AZTherapies, Cognito Therapeutics, CogRx, Denali, Eisai, Enigma, LabCorp, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Merry Life, Nervgen, Novo Nordisk, Optoceutics, Passage Bio, Pinteon Therapeutics, Prothena, Quanterix, Red Abbey Labs, reMYND, Roche, Samumed, ScandiBio Therapeutics AB, Siemens Healthineers, Triplet Therapeutics, and Wave, has given lectures sponsored by Alzecure, BioArctic, Biogen, Cellectricon, Fujirebio, LabCorp, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Oy Medix Biochemica AB, Roche, and WebMD, is a co-founder of Brain Biomarker Solutions in Gothenburg AB (BBS), which is a part of the GU Ventures Incubator Program, and is a shareholder of MicThera (outside submitted work).S.C.-J. serves as a consultant to Eli Lilly, Merck, AlzPath and Enigma Biomedical.G.K. is a full-time employee of Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany. CQ-R is a full-time employee of Roche Diagnostics International Ltd, Rotkreuz, Switzerland.