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Authors
Habanabakize, Thomas
Murenzi, Gad
Nsengiyumva, Boniface
Manirakiza, Felix
Rugwizangoga, Belson
Hategekimana, Elise
Nizeyimana, Theoneste
Izimukwiye, Isabelle
Byiringiro, Fiacre Mugabe
Rurangwa, Theogene
Ngoga, Eugene
Daily, Johanna Patricia
Kanyabwisha, Faustin
Kubwimana, Gallican
Adedimeji, Adebola
Yotebieng, Marcel
Mutesa, Leon
Anastos, Kathryn
Castle, Philip E.
Hebert, Tiffany Michele
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institutes of Health (U54)
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Article History
Received: 26 December 2025
Accepted: 15 April 2026
First Online: 21 April 2026
Declarations
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: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the University of Rwanda (403/CHMS IRB/2022 & 348/CMHS IRB/2023) and the Albert Einstein College of medicine (IRB #: 2022-14293 Reference #:091842) institutional review boards. A waiver of informed consent was requested and granted since there was no encounter with study participants. This study was carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
