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Authors
Pekkola, Vuokko https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1746-7970
Kallio-Kujala, Ira
Raekallio, Marja
Lepajõe, Jaan
Salla, Kati
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Helsinki
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Article History
Received: 13 June 2025
Accepted: 25 November 2025
First Online: 2 December 2025
Declarations
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: Institutional ethical approval was obtained from the University of Helsinki Research Ethics Committee (12/2022).
: Written informed owner consent was obtained from all dog owners
: VP and IKK have provided expert consultancies to Vetcare Ltd after collecting and analysing data for this study. MR, JL and KS declare that they have no competing interest.
