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Authors
Tahlil, Abdullahi Ahmed
Adan, Nur Moallim
Abdi, Hassan Mohamed
Gedi, Saido
Osman, Marian Muse
Aden, Suad Moallin
Umeokonkwo, Chukwuma David
Mohamed, Mohamed Abdelrahman
Sultan, Kasim Mahdi
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Article History
Received: 20 February 2025
Accepted: 24 September 2025
First Online: 14 October 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the National Institute of Health, Somalia [NIH/IRB/43/SEP/2024]. Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the epidemiological investigation, ensuring that participants were fully aware of the study's purpose, procedures, and their right to withdraw at any time without any consequences. Participation was entirely voluntary. The confidentiality and privacy of participants' information were rigorously maintained; all collected data were anonymized, securely stored, and accessible solely to authorized researchers.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
