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Authors
Elsharif, Swsan A. M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0145-9337
Altahir, Anfal M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9476-7752
Mohammed, Asma Y. https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4549-9131
Zakaria, Nawran https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6741-7869
Mohammed, Anfal Khalid Abdalla
Shannan, Afaq
Abdelhaleem, Omar
Bashir, Ragda
Hassan, Suad Sh.
Elhassan, Suodad https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5245-5902
Abdelraheem, Elaf M. H. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3868-7701
Mohamed, Abu-Bekr
Osman, Marwa
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Article History
Received: 2 February 2025
Accepted: 26 November 2025
First Online: 8 December 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was obtained from the White Nile State Ministry of Health Review Board under the approval number 023081 , and the Department of Community Medicine, University of Khartoum under the approval number (COMMED 2023-95-20). Administrative approval was secured from each hospital. Informed consent was obtained from all participants, clearly explaining the research purpose and their right to withdraw from the study at any time. Data were anonymised and handled confidentially by the research authors.
: Not required, no personal data was collected from the participants.
: Not commissioned; externally peer-reviewed.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
