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Article History

Received: 17 November 2025

Accepted: 5 December 2025

First Online: 23 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the WZB Berlin Social Science Center Research Ethics Review Board (Decision Nr. 2024/03/240). All participants received an explanation of the study procedures and provided informed consent before taking part in the interview. Interviews were conducted by trained enumerators in Bosnian using a pre-tested questionnaire. Given the sensitive nature of the survey, several measures were taken to ensure respondent safety and privacy. Respondents were informed that participation was voluntary and that they could skip any question. Sensitive items were self-completed on the tablet to maximize privacy, and the survey software prevented enumerators from returning to these items after confirmation. Enumerators received dedicated training on sensitive interviewing and recognizing emotional distress. A psychologist specializing in wartime trauma was on stand-by during data collection; no referrals were required during fieldwork.

: Not applicable.

: MS (University of Hamburg) received support from the German Research Foundation (DFG). The funder had no role in the design, implementation, analysis, or publication of this study. The views expressed are those of the authors alone. No other competing interests are declared.