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Authors
Malik, Elfatih M.
Yiu, Sze Man
Habibi, Muzhgan
Ismaiel, Ismaiel Mohamed
Ridwan, Aisha Yousif
Izzoddeen, Ahmad
Alzain, Mazza Abasher
Osman, Muntasir Mohamed
Daoud, Leen
Gafar, Nada
Himmat, Sayed
Bashier, Haitham
Sadek, Mahmoud
Raja, Muhammad Ali
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Article History
Received: 5 July 2024
Accepted: 3 February 2026
First Online: 17 February 2026
Declarations
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: As the information used in this study was collected as part of a public health program which includes aggregated reports and documents, ethical clearance was not sought. As well, consent was not obtained specifically for this study as the description was based on anonymized data and all identifiable information was removed from the data reported in this article.
: A permission to use the data was obtained from Health Emergency and Epidemic Control (HEEC) General Directorate at FMOH in Sudan. Clearance to publish this data was obtained from EMPHNET’s IRB (Eastern Mediterranean Public Health Network Review Board) as the project is part of the consultancy to accelerate EBS implementation in Sudan supported by GHD|EMPHNET.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
