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Article History

Received: 1 November 2025

Accepted: 26 February 2026

First Online: 18 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by the Academic Committee of the College of Humanities, Arts, and Education at Shandong Xiehe University (Approval No. SDXIEHE2025/6). The research adhered to the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments.

: All participants received clear information about the study’s objectives and procedures and provided informed consent before participation. Participation was entirely voluntary, and confidentiality and anonymity were assured.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.