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Article History

Received: 3 December 2025

Accepted: 27 April 2026

First Online: 12 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The Ethiopian HVACS received ethical approval from the Population Council Institutional Review Board (Protocol 986, dated October 21, 2021) and the Ethiopian Public Health Association (EPHA) Institutional Review Board (Protocol EPHA/OG/789/23, dated August 10, 2023). Administrative authorisation to access refugee camps was granted by the Refugees and Returnees Services of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.All participants provided verbal informed consent in accordance with the World Health Organization’s Ethical and Safety Recommendations for Researching, Documenting, and Monitoring Sexual Violence in Emergencies [ ]. Participants aged 18–24 years and emancipated minors aged 13–17 years provided individual consent. For dependent minors aged 13–17 years, interviewers first obtained permission from a parent or primary caregiver before seeking assent from the participant. Emancipated minors were defined as individuals aged 13–17 years who had assumed adult roles and responsibilities, such as household headship, marriage, or parenthood [ ]. These participants were considered capable of providing their own informed consent to participate in the study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.