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Authors
Mahgoub, Esra Abdallah Abdalwahed https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4425-9888
Alshalah, Ali https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3290-1347
El Halabi, Farah https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6529-4467
Mamoun, Manasik https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7303-3018
Fare’a, Azzam Ali Mohammad https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4218-2916
Elomeiri, Leina https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5283-016X
Alazzawi, Sajjad https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1549-9209
Mohamud, Abdirahman Khalif https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6048-0112
Awn, Awni Mokhtar Sallam Ali https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7253-4740
Ahmed, Mohammed Aref Ali Saeed https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3022-5026
Zibara, Zahraa https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9111-3955
Alhamwi, Fadila https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9281-4325
Abdelmoemen, Noseiba Mahamoud Adam https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9979-7381
Houri, Nour Jamal https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4932-1726
Al Merhabi, Mohamad https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1008-966X
Alftaeih, Ola Ali https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8963-9290
Farah, Mohamed Abdulkadir Ahmed https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4997-1555
Ali, Moneer Ali Abdallah
Ferrario, Alessandra https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1572-3581
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Article History
Received: 8 December 2025
Accepted: 27 April 2026
First Online: 14 May 2026
Declarations
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: All methods were carried out in adherence to the ethical standards outlined in the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. The study received approval from the Faculty of Medicine Research Ethics Committee (REC), University of Al-Neelain, Sudan (Approval No: UofN-REC-013025). The data collection questionnaire was carefully designed to ensure participant anonymity (no personal identifiers were collected) and to guarantee that the data would be used solely for the study’s objectives. An online consent form on the first page outlined the study’s objectives and stressed voluntary participation, the right to withdraw, the estimated completion time, data confidentiality, and contact information of the first author. Participants had to agree to these terms before they could participate. No incentives were offered.
: The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article, and these do not necessarily represent the views, decisions, or policies of the institutions with which they are affiliated.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
