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Authors
Kazdin, Alan E.
Pozuelo, Julia R.
Harris, Meredith G.
Stein, Dan J.
Viana, Maria Carmen
Hwang, Irving
Kessler, Timothy L.
Manoukian, Sophie M.
Sampson, Nancy A.
Aguilar-Gaxiola, Sergio
Alonso, Jordi
Andrade, Laura Helena
Ayinde, Olatunde O.
Borges, Guilherme
Bruffaerts, Ronny
Bunting, Brendan
Cardoso, Graça
Chardoul, Stephanie
Domenech, Cristina
Gureje, Oye
Karam, Elie G.
Kovess-Masfety, Viviane
Navarro-Mateu, Fernando
Nishi, Daisuke
Posada-Villa, José
Rapsey, Charlene
Roest, Annelieke M.
Stagnaro, Juan Carlos
Torres, Yolanda
Vladescu, Cristian
Wciórka, Jacek
Wojtyniak, Bogdan
Zarkov, Zahari
Kessler, Ronald C.
Vigo, Daniel V.
,
Al-Hamzawi, Ali
Altwaijri, Yasmin A.
Atwoli, Lukoye
Benjet, Corina
Bromet, Evelyn J.
Caldas-de-Almeida, Jose Miguel
Cía, Alfredo H.
Degenhardt, Louisa
de Girolamo, Giovanni
Haro, Josep Maria
Hinkov, Hristo
Hu, Chi-yi
de Jonge, Peter
Karam, Aimee Nasser
Karam, Georges
Kawakami, Norito
Kiejna, Andrzej
McGrath, John J.
Medina-Mora, Maria Elena
Moskalewicz, Jacek
Piazza, Marina
Scott, Kate M.
ten Have, Margreet
Tintle, Nathan
Xavier, Miguel
Zaslavsky, Alan M.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
United States National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH070884)
United States National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH070884)
South African Medical Research Council
John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
Pfizer Foundation
U.S. Public Health Service (R13-MH066849)
Fogarty International Center (FIRCA R03-TW006481)
Pan American Health Organization
Eli Lilly and Company
Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical
Bristol-Myers Squibb
National Institute of Drug Abuse
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
John W. Alden Trust
Health Canada
Provincial Health Services Authority
University of British Columbia
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Article History
Received: 25 March 2025
Accepted: 19 January 2026
First Online: 24 February 2026
Declarations
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: At all survey sites, the local ethics or institutional review committee reviewed and approved the protocol to ensure protection of human subjects, in line with appropriate international and local guidelines. Details of the ethics committees for the WMH surveys can be viewed at this link: https://www.hcp.med.harvard.edu/wmh/ftpdir/IRB_ethics_approval_WMH-CIDI.pdf.
: Not applicable.
: In the past 3 years, Dr. Kessler was a consultant for Cambridge Health Alliance, Child Mind Institute, Massachusetts General Hospital, RallyPoint LLC., Sage Therapeutics, University of Michigan, and University of North Carolina. He has stock options in Cerebral Inc., Mirah, PYM (Prepare Your Mind), and Verisense Health. He owns an interest in Menssano LLC. DJS has received consultancy honoraria from Discovery Vitality, Johnson & Johnson, Kanna, LOreal, Lundbeck, Orion, Servier, Seaport Therapeutics, Takeda, Vistagen, and Wellcome. DVV reports grant support from Health Canada, Canadian Institutes for Health Research, Provincial Health Services Authority and an internal research grant from the University of British Columbia. The BC Ministry of Health and the Department of Interior Health made payments to Dr. Vigo with respect to contracts for projects related to mental health service provision. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
