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Article History

Received: 6 March 2023

Accepted: 16 January 2024

First Online: 28 January 2024

Declarations

:

: <i>Germany</i>: According to the respective national regulations and the nature of the data (anonymised secondary data), no ethical approval was necessary for this study.<i>Denmark</i>: Regarding data protection, the study was registered at the University of Southern Denmark’s inventory (record no. 10.080). According to Danish law, purely registry-based studies do not need approval from an ethics committee.<i>Norway</i>: The register linkage was approved by The Regional Committee for Medical Research Ethics and by the Norwegian Data Protection Authority (decision numbers 2010/131 and 10/00447-5, respectively). Data collection for the NorPD and NPR is mandatory and pseudonymous data are, according to Norwegian legislation, available for research without obtaining consent from each person in the study population.<i>USA</i>: The study was approved by the University of Maryland, Baltimore Institutional Review Board (HP-00081326).

: Not applicable.

: CB, MB, IO, SSk, AV and RW report no conflict of interest. OS is working at an independent, non-profit research institute, the Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS. Unrelated to this study, BIPS occasionally conducts studies financed by the pharmaceutical industry. These are post-authorization safety studies requested by health authorities. The design and conduct of these studies as well as the interpretation and publication are not influenced by the pharmaceutical industry. SD received grant funding from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), the Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), GSK, and the Pharmaceutical Research Manufacturers of America (PhRMA) Foundation. SSc chaired the guideline development group for the NICE clinical guideline “Antisocial behaviour and conduct disorders in children and young people: recognition and management” [CG158].