Whang, Jeong Yeop https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9896-1405
Kim, Heeyeon https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0104-8041
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea (RS-2023-00220484)
Article History
Received: 2 October 2025
Accepted: 22 December 2025
First Online: 31 January 2026
Declarations
:
: Ethics approval: The KYRBS is an anonymous, self-reported, government-approved statistical survey of middle and high school students (Statistics Korea approval No. 11758). The KYRBS protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (IRB No. 2014–06EXP–02–P–A). Since 2015, the KYRBS datasets have been released as de-identified public data by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), and therefore additional institutional review was not required for the use of the 2020 and 2023 datasets analyzed in this study.
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants by the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency as part of the Korean Youth Risk Behavior Survey.
: The authors declare no competing interests.