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Authors
Osborn, Tom L.
Baseke, Rosine
Kamau, Faith
Ngesa, Maureen
Kilonzo, Rachael
Agunda, Priscillah
Vundi, Kane
Kongong’a, Ray
Wasanga, Christine M.
Mutiso, Victoria
Ndetei, David
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Agence Francaise de Developpement (CKE1196)
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Article History
Received: 25 September 2025
Accepted: 27 May 2026
First Online: 16 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: All procedures for the three studies were approved by Kenyatta University Ethics Review Committee (KUERC) with approval numbers [2021 - PKU/2176/1320; 2022 - PKU/2456/E1587; 2023 - PKU/2627/E1752]. Additionally, research permits were obtained from the National Commission for Science, Technology, and Innovation (NACOSTI) with permit numbers [2021 - NACOSTI/P/21/245638; 2022 - NACOSTI/P/22/17173; 2023 - NACOSTI/P/23/23559]. As per KUERC protocols, parental consent was obtained for underage participants through school administration. All students provided informed consent (if 18+ years) or assent (if under 18 years) before completing the questionnaire battery. All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.
Consent for publication: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
