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Article History

Received: 10 January 2026

Accepted: 8 June 2026

First Online: 22 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted in accordance with institutional and national ethical standards and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments. Ethical approval was granted by the Ethical Committee of the Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Germany (S-514/2015). Written informed consent was obtained from all adolescents and their caregivers prior to participation. Across all studies, inclusion required that both the adolescent and their caregivers signed informed consent documents, with age-appropriate assent procedures for minors. Participants were explicitly informed that participation was voluntary and that they could withdraw at any time without any disadvantage. Confidentiality was ensured by pseudonymization and secure handling of all personal data.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.