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Authors
Ruess, Johanna E. M.
Tng, Germaine Y. Q.
Chong, Yap Seng
Eriksson, Johan G.
Chen, Helen Y.
Tiemeier, Henning
Setoh, Peipei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National University of Singapore (NUHSRO/2021/093/NUSMed/13/LOA, NUHSRO/2025/001/NUSMed/001/GUSTO (bridging)/LOA)
Ministry of Education - Singapore (RG126/23; RG39/22; RG145/25)
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Article History
Received: 5 February 2026
Accepted: 12 August 2026
First Online: 2 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the National Healthcare Group Domain Specific Review Board (D/2009/00021 and D/2014/00414), the SingHealth Centralised Institutional Review Board (2018/2767/D) and the A*STAR Review Board (2020-011). Participants provided informed consent prior to participation.
Consent for publication: Consent for publication has been obtained from all GUSTO participants.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
