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Article History

Received: 4 August 2025

Accepted: 3 September 2025

First Online: 29 September 2025

Declarations

:

: This study utilized de-identified data from the publicly available PPMI database (), which has been approved by the institutional review boards of all participating sites. All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation in the original PPMI study. No additional ethical approval was required for this secondary analysis of publicly available, de-identified data.

: Not applicable. This study used de-identified data from a publicly available database.

: The authors declare no competing interests.