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Article History

Received: 22 April 2025

Accepted: 29 November 2025

First Online: 22 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study utilised publicly available genomic datasets and ethically approved cohort resources. The Brains for Dementia Research (BDR) cohort used in this study has ethical approval from the London – City and East NRES Committee (Reference: 08/H0704/128+5). All tissue requests approved under this programme are covered by this ethical clearance. The BDR initiative is jointly funded by Alzheimer’s Research UK and the Alzheimer’s Society in partnership with the Medical Research Council. Genotypic data from the Alzheimer’s Disease Centres seventh set of ADC genotyped subjects (ADC7; NG00071), the National Institute on Aging Genetics Initiative for Late-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease (NIA-LOAD; NG00020), and TGen II (TGEN; NG00028) were obtained through the NIAGADS data repository and used in accordance with their data usage agreements. The BDR genotypes are available via the Dementia Platform UK. All analyses in this study adhered to ethical guidelines for the use of anonymised human genomic data and complied with relevant institutional, national, and international regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants (or their legal representatives) provided informed consent for the use of their data, or data were fully anonymised in accordance with institutional and data governance policies. No identifying information is included in the published datasets; all data are anonymised to protect participant privacy. Access to certain datasets is subject to approval by the relevant data access committees, in accordance with data usage agreements.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.