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Authors
Li, Jiayang https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2794-8269
Zhao, Mingyi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2884-0736
He, Qingnan https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5229-9583
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Hunan innovative province construction project (2019SK2211)
Key research and development project of Hunan Province (2020SK2089)
The Natural Science Foundation of Hunan province (2020JJ4833, 2019SK2211, and XY040019)
Hunan Province Key Field R&D Program (2020SK2097)
Horizontal Project (KY080269, KY080262, XY080323, and XY080324)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82570835)
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Article History
Received: 30 September 2025
Accepted: 16 December 2025
First Online: 20 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study complied with the declaration of Helsinki. The author Jiayang Li has completed the Collaborative Institutional Training Program (CITP) exam (certification number: 13808420), and the study received institutional review board (IRB) approval.
: Since MIMIC-IV includes only anonymized information, patient consent to participate was waived at the local institution. Informed consent is not required for the secondary use of this de-identified database.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
