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Article History

Received: 20 December 2025

Accepted: 26 February 2026

First Online: 12 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Multimodal data for the PathoCls-Pneu dataset was collected from the Southwest Hospital of Army Medical University and the Third Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, both located in Chongqing, China, with pneumonia patients diagnosed between 2018.01 and 2022.12 (Supplementary Fig. ). The study received approval from the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of the Army Medical University, PLA (Approval Number: KY2024297). The TreatRes-AML dataset was constructed using retrospective multimodal clinical data from patients diagnosed with various subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia between 2019.01 and 2022.12 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine in Hangzhou, China (Supplementary Fig. ). This study was approved by the hospital’s Ethics Committee under approval number IIT20250767A. For the GenoSeq-GDM dataset, cell-free DNA fragmentomics were gathered from three collaborating hospitals with pregnant women diagnosed between 2021.01 and 2022.12: the Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University in Shanghai, China; Yueyang Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital in Hunan Province, China; and Changzhou Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital in Jiangsu Province, China (Supplementary Fig. ). The study was granted ethical approval by the Ethics Committee of the Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University (Approval Number: 2023–134). These data were collected from pregnant women enrolled in the study during their second trimester (between 12 and 25 weeks of gestation), prior to the clinical determination of GDM status. At this early stage of pregnancy, all participants maintained normal blood glucose levels.

: Non applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.