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Authors
Yan, April Yujie
Cudjoe, Thomas K. M.
Taylor, Casey Overby
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Johns Hopkins University (Pivot Grant)
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Article History
Received: 14 December 2025
Accepted: 22 May 2026
First Online: 4 June 2026
Declarations
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: Data were derived from the All of Us Research Program, a longitudinal cohort under a protocol approved by the All of Us Institutional Review Board (AoU IRB). All participants provided informed consent for their data to be used for research. The current study involved only secondary analysis of de-identified Researcher Workbench data without re-identification; no additional ethics review was required under our institutional regulations. The All of Us Research Program is conducted in accordance with applicable ethical guidelines, including the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
