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Article History

Received: 8 March 2026

Accepted: 19 August 2026

First Online: 1 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study received ethical approval from the institutional ethics committee of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital (No: KS25468). The requirement for informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study design and the use of de-identified patient information. The study protocol and experimental design adhered to the most recent revised ethical guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Consent for publication: All authors have consented to the publication of the data covered in this article.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.