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Article History

Received: 21 October 2025

Accepted: 5 March 2026

First Online: 19 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Experiments conducted on human tissue in this study were approved by the Northern Regional Ethics Committee of New Zealand and carried out in accordance with approved guidelines. Experiments with the EAE mouse model were performed under Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approval at University of California San Francisco (UCSF) and University of California San Diego (UCSD). Stroke model experiments were approved by the University of Otago Animal Ethics Committee and carried out in accordance with the NIH Animal Protection Guidelines for the care and use of animals for scientific purposes.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.