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Article History

Received: 27 August 2025

Accepted: 28 October 2025

First Online: 14 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The Institutional Review Board of the Massachusetts General Hospital approved the present study and waived informed consent given its retrospective nature.

: Dr. Leon D. Kaulen reports consultiung fees from ONO Pharmaceutical. Dr. P. C. Johnson reports consulting fees from Abbvie, AstraZeneca, ADC Therapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Kite, Novartin, Seagen, and research support from Incyte, AstraZeneca, Novartis and Leuko Labs. Dr. J. Soumerai reports consulting fees from AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Genentech/Roche, and LOXO@Lilly, research support for investigator-initiated trials paid to the institution from Adaptive Biotechnologies, BeiGene, BostonGene, Genentech/Roche, GlaxoSmithKline, Moderna, Takeda, and TG Therapeutics. Dr. J. Erika Haydu reports consulting fees and research funding paid to the institution from Genmab. Dr. W. Wick reports consulting fees and participation in advisory boards from Enterome, GSK, Roche and Servier. Dr. M. V. Maus is an inventor on patents related to adoptive cell therapies, held by Massachusetts General Hospital (some licensed to Promab and Luminary) and University of Pennsylvania (some licensed to Novartis). M.V.M receives Grant/Research support from: Kite Pharma, Moderna. M.V.M has served as a consultant for multiple companies involved in cell therapies. M.V.M holds Equity in 2SeventyBio, A2Bio, Affyimmune, BendBio, Cargo, GBM new co, Model T bio. M.V.M serves on the Board of Directors for 2Seventy Bio. Dr. M. J. Frigault reports consulting fees and research support from Bristol Myers Squibb, Arcellx, Kite/Gilead, Jnj/Legend, Novartis, and Cytoagents. Dr. J. Dietrich reports consulting fees from Novartis, Janssen, and Johnson & Johnson, and royalties from Wolters Kluwer. All remaining authors have declared no conflicts of interest.