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Article History

Received: 4 August 2025

Accepted: 17 November 2025

First Online: 7 December 2025

Declarations

:

: The study protocol and amendments were reviewed and approved by the ethics committees at each centre. All the participants provided written informed consent.

: Not applicable.

: Y-LW has received research grants (paid to the institution) from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Jiangsu Hengrui, and Roche; and reports a speaker, consultant or advisor role for AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, Roche, and Sanofi. TC has participated on an advisory board for AstraZeneca; has undertaken a coordinating PI role for Astellas Pharma, AstraZeneca, Merck KgaA, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Bristol Myers Squibb, Daiichi Sankyo, Johnson and Johnson, Amgen, Lilly, Stemline, Sandoz, Roche, BioNTech SE, Boehringer Ingelheim, Regeneron, Immuntep, AbbVie, and Duality; and reports an invited speaker role for Nobel, Astellas Pharma, Takeda, Daiichi Sankyo, Bristol Myers Squibb, Abdi Ibrahim, Johnson and Johnson, Deva, and Amgen. YP reports a principal investigator role for AstraZeneca; and speaker fees from AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, and Roche. MK reports an advisory role, participation on an advisory board, PI, coordinating PI, and local PI roles, speaker, consultant, or advisory fees, and an invited speaker role for Roche, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Bristol Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, and Takeda. MANS reports participation on an advisory board and an invited speaker role for Roche, AstraZeneca, Pfizer, Novartis, Astellas, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Lilly, Gilead, Takeda, and Janssen. Y-CK reports research grants from AstraZeneca; speaker, consultant or advisor fees from AstraZeneca, Takeda, and Yuhan; and is a steering committee member for Yuhan. YY, RM and BZ are employees of and may own stock/stock options with AstraZeneca. The remaining authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.