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Article History

Received: 31 March 2026

Accepted: 10 July 2026

First Online: 20 July 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to particpate: According to the Declaration of Helsinki, all research described herein was approved by the Frankfurt Research Ethics Board (188/15F). All patients have provided written informed consent as part of their protocols.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: SS: consulting fees from AMGEN, Gilead, Pfizer, and SERB SAS, honoraria from the Akademie für Infektionsmedizin e.V., AMGEN, AVIR Pharma, CSi Hamburg GmbH, Gilead, Labor28, Novartis, Persberg Group GmbH/DGIM e.V., Pfizer, and Vivantes GmbH, financial support for research projects from MorphoSys AG and Protherics Medicines Development Ltd, travel grants from AMGEN, Gilead, and Novartis. CDB: honoraria or travel support from Amgen, Gilead, Janssen, Novartis, Jazz, BMS, and Pfizer, contracted to carry out research for Novartis, the advisory board of Amgen. NG: Servier: Honoraria, Research Funding; Clinigen: Honoraria, Research Funding; Autolus: Honoraria; Incyte: Honoraria, Research Funding; Jazz: Honoraria, Research Funding; Pfizer: Honoraria, Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding; Gilead: Honoraria, Research Funding; Amgen: Honoraria, Research Funding. MB: contracted to carry out research for Amgen; the advisory board of Amgen and Incyte, Speaker Bureau of Amgen, Johnson & Johnson, and Pfizer. The remaining authors declare no COI.