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Authors
Paver, Elizabeth C.
Gide, Tuba N.
Yaseen, Zarwa
Cornejo-Paramo, Paola
Ferguson, Peter
Maher, Nigel G.
Menzies, Alexander M.
Carlino, Matteo S.
da Silva, Ines Pires
Holst, Jeff
Long, Georgina V.
Scolyer, Richard A.
Wilmott, James S.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
BB and A Miller Foundation
National Health and Medical Research Council (GNT2033462)
National Health and Medical Research Council (APP2009476)
National Health and Medical Research Council (GNT2007839)
National Health and Medical Research Council (GNT2018514)
Cancer Institute NSW (ECF1376)
Cancer Institute NSW (TPG 2021/TPG2114)
Sydney Cancer Partners and Maridulu Budyari Gumal (SPHERE) Cancer CAG (2021/CBG0002 & 2021/CBG0003)
Melanoma Foundation of the University of Sydney
Charles Perkins Centre Catchlove Sylvan MCR Bridging Fellowship
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Article History
Received: 13 March 2025
Accepted: 30 December 2025
First Online: 20 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and with ethical approval from the Sydney Local Health District Human Research Ethics Committee (Protocol No. X15-0454 and HREC/11/RPAH/444). Samples were acquired with written informed consent from all patients and the Melanoma Biospecimen Tissue Bank.
: Not applicable.
: R.A.S. has received fees for professional services from MetaOptima Technology Inc., F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Evaxion, Provectus Biopharmaceuticals Australia, Qbiotics, Novartis, Merck Sharp & Dohme, NeraCare, Amgen Inc., Bristol Myers Squibb, Myriad Genetics, and GlaxoSmithKline, SkylineDx BV, and IO Biotech ApS. G.V.L. has served as a consultant advisor for Agenus, Amgen, Array Biopharma, AstraZeneca, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc, BioNTech SE, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Bristol Myers Squibb, Evaxion Biotech A/S, GI Innovation Inc, Hexal AG (Sandoz Company), Highlight Therapeutics S.L., IOBiotech, Immunocore Ireland Limited, Innovent Biologics USA Inc, Iovance Biotherapeutics Inc, Merck Sharpe & Dohme, Novartis Pharma AG, OncoSec Medical Australia, PHMR Limited, Pierre Fabre, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Scancell Limited, and SkylineDX BV. A.M.M. is on the advisory board of BMS, Merck (MSD), Novartis, Roche, Pierre Fabre and Qbiotics. I.P.S. is on the advisory board of Merck Sharp & Dohme, Regeneron and Strand Therapeutics; has received fees for professional services from Roche, Bristol Myers Squibb, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, and Pierre Fabre; and has had travel support from Bristol Myers Squibb and Merck Sharp & Dohme. M.S.C. has served on advisory boards or as a consultant for Amgen, BMS, Eisai, Ideaya, Merck, Sharp & Dohme (MSD), Nektar, Novartis, Oncosec, Pierre-Fabre, Qbiotics, Regeneron, Roche, Merck, Moderna and Sanofi and received honoraria from BMS, MSD and Novartis. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest.
