Munera-Maravilla, Ester https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2494-7587
Pérez-Escavy, Mercedes https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1884-3773
Rubio, Carolina https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0098-2297
Segovia, Cristina
Lodewijk, Iris https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5208-8249
Nunes, Sandra P. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4466-037X
Martín de Bernardo, Álvaro https://orcid.org/0009-0001-1626-3978
A. Reina, Ignacio https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3661-2503
Montesinos, Esther
Morales, Lucía https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5253-1442
Martínez, Víctor G. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5515-0626
Álvarez-Prada, Ainara
Martínez-Fernández, Mónica
Dueñas, Marta https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0857-9726
Paramio, Jesús M. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7520-3177
Suárez-Cabrera, Cristian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1897-1596
Funding for this research was provided by:
European Regional Development Fund for Science and Innovation (BES- 2016-078288)
European Regional Development Fund for Science and Innovation (PRE2020-093423)
European Regional Development Fund for Science and Innovation (SAF2015-66015-R and PID2019-110758RB-I00 and PID2023-147517OB-I00)
Fundación Eugenio Rodríguez Pascual (FERP-2022-79)
Fundación Científica Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer (PRDMA19024LODE)
Fundación Científica Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer (POSTD19036MORA)
Fundación Científica Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer (INVES222946GARC)
Fundación Científica Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer (TRNSC213883DUEN and Transcan-3 JTC2022)
FCT-Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia Grant (SFRH/BD/144241/2019)
Instituto de Salud Carlos III (AC22/00015)
Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERONC no. CB16/12/00228)
Article History
Received: 26 August 2025
Accepted: 18 February 2026
First Online: 23 February 2026
Declarations
:
: All animal studies were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT) and the competent regional authority (Animal Welfare Department of the Comunidad de Madrid; PROEX 088/15 and 150.8/21), in compliance with Directive 2010/63/EU and Spanish national regulations (RD 53/2013) for the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. All procedures were conducted in accordance with institutional guidelines to minimize animal suffering. The maximal tumor size permitted in adult mice was approximately 1.5 cm³, and we confirmed that this limit was not exceeded. Cages were randomized to experimental groups to minimize environmental bias, and all observers were blinded to the experimental conditions.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.