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Article History

Received: 11 November 2025

Accepted: 6 April 2026

First Online: 14 April 2026

Declarations

:

: All mice were treated in accordance with the European guidelines, Directive 2010/63, and with the approval the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of Nanospectra Biosciences or the Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Turin, Italy, and of the Italian Ministry of Health. All experiments were performed in accordance with the approved protocols and other relevant guidelines and regulations. The maximal tumor size permitted was 1,500 mm 3 and it was not exceeded.

: Not applicable.

: A.S., C.G., P.B., A.L., and F.P. are employees of ImmunoGenesis, Inc. M.A.C. is the scientific founder and chair of the scientific advisory board for ImmunoGenesis, Inc.; he has received grants and personal fees from ImmunoGenesis, Inc.; he has patents for “Cyclic dinucleotides as agonists of stimulator of interferon gene dependent signalling” and “Dual specificity antibodies which bind both PD-L1 and PD-L2 and prevent their binding to PD-1” licensed to ImmunoGenesis, Inc. All the other authors declare that they have no competing interests.